What "Gravity" Actually Is
Isaac Newton formalised gravity in 1687 as an attractive force between any two masses — proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. He provided no explanation for what gravity is or how it operates. He famously stated: "Hypotheses non fingo" — I feign no hypotheses. He knew the force he described had no physical mechanism he could explain. Einstein reformulated gravity in 1915 as the curvature of spacetime — an even more abstract concept with no physical carrier mechanism. Neither Newton nor Einstein has provided a physical explanation for what gravity is, only mathematical models for predicting its effects.
Flat earth researchers point out: every observation attributed to gravity has a simpler explanation in density and buoyancy. Heavy (dense) objects sink through less dense mediums. Light (less dense) objects float. A rock falls through air because rock is denser than air. A balloon rises through air because the balloon+gas system is less dense than the air around it. No mysterious attractive force required.
Density and Buoyancy Explain Everything
Why Objects Fall
Objects denser than air fall through air. The "acceleration due to gravity" is actually the rate at which denser objects displace less dense medium. Heavier objects fall slightly faster not because of greater gravitational pull, but because their greater density gives them stronger downward momentum through the medium.
Why Balloons Rise
A helium balloon rises because the balloon + gas is less dense than the surrounding air. No gravitational explanation is needed — buoyancy (a measurable, physical force well understood in fluids) accounts for it entirely. The atmosphere is a fluid medium and buoyancy operates in fluids.
Tidal Forces Without Gravity
Tides are attributed to lunar and solar gravitational pull. But the electromagnetic relationship between the moon's local circuit and the ocean surface below is physically more coherent than gravitational attraction across 238,000 miles — especially since gravity at that distance would be imperceptibly small against the massive gravity of Earth pulling the same water down.
Orbital Mechanics
On a flat Earth, there are no orbiting satellites. Every object launched "into orbit" either re-enters the flat earth system or is not what it is claimed to be. There are no observations of orbital mechanics that require leaving the enclosed flat earth system — only claims of such operations by agencies that cannot be independently verified.
The Globe Requires Gravity — Gravity Requires the Globe
The circular logic of mainstream cosmology is instructive: the globe model requires gravity to hold atmospheric gases to the spinning ball (without gravity, a spinning sphere flings everything off). Gravity requires the globe model to explain orbital mechanics and stellar distances (otherwise the distances and mechanics don't compute). Each assumption validates the other. Neither is independently testable without accepting the other's framework. This is not science — it is a self-referential cosmological system that uses its own assumptions to validate itself.
G (the gravitational constant) is the least precisely known fundamental constant in physics — known to only 5 significant figures, with ongoing measurement disagreements of 0.05%. By contrast, the speed of light is known to 9 significant figures. The constant that supposedly governs every mass interaction in the universe is the one measurement physicists cannot pin down — because it does not exist as a fundamental force. What is being measured are density interactions that vary by environment.